Job Attitudes

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Acceptance

  • Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., Wilson, K. G., Bissett, R. T., Pistorello, J., Toarmino, D., et al. (2004). Measuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model. Psychological Record, 54, 553–578. 16 items to assess individual's ability to act in a way congruent with their values and goals and ignore their current internal events. Questionnaire validity summarized in:
    • Bond, F. W., & Bunce, D. (2003). The role of acceptance and job control in mental health, job satisfaction, and work performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 1057–1067.
    • Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., Wilson, K. G., Bissett, R. T., Pistorello, J., Toarmino, D., et al. (2004). Measuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model. Psychological Record, 54, 553–578.
      • Used in Bond, Frank W.; Flaxman, Paul E.; Bunce, David. 2008. The influence of psychological flexibility on work redesign: Mediated moderation of a work reorganization intervention. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3):645-654. Cronbach's alphas= Trial 1 (.77), Trial 2 (.81).

Areas of Worklife

  • Leiter, M. P., & Maslach, C. (2000b). Preventing burnout and building engagement: A complete program for organizational renewal. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. 29 items to score the 6 distinct areas of worklife (workload (6), control (3), reward (4), community (5), fairness (6), and values (5)) using statement of congruence or incongruence between the individual and the job.
    • Used in Maslach, Christina; Leiter, Michael P. 2008. Early predictors of job burnout and engagement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3):498-512. Cronbach's alpha = workload (.70), control (.70), reward (.82), community (.82), fairness (.82), and values (.74).

Burnout or Engagement

  • Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1996). The Maslach Burnout Inventory—General Survey. In C. Maslach, S. E. Jackson, & M. P. Leiter (Ed.), MBI manual (3rd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. 16 items to measure dimensions along the burnout-engagement continuum, (exhaustion–energy, cynicism–involvement, and inefficacy–efficacy).
    • Used in Maslach, Christina; Leiter, Michael P. 2008. Early predictors of job burnout and engagement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3):498-512.

Career Success

  • Greenhaus, J. H., Parasuraman, S., & Wormley, W. (1990). Effects of race on organizational experiences, job performance evaluations, and career outcomes. Academy of Management Journal , 33, 64-86.

Job Insecurity

  • Lee, C., Bobko, P., Ashford, S.J., Chen, Z.X., & Ren, X.P. (2008) Cross-cultural development of an abridged job insecurity measure. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29, 373-390.
  • Ashford, S.J., Lee, C. & Bobko, P. (1989). Content, antecedents, and consequences of job insecurity: A theory-based measure and substantive test. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 803-829.

Job satisfaction

  • Cammann, C., Fichman, M., Jenkins, D., & Klesh, J. (1983). Assessing the attitudes and perceptions of organizaitonal members. In S. Seashore, E. Lawler, P. Mirvis, & C. Cammann (Eds.), Assessing organizational change: A guide to methods, measures, and practices. New York: John Wiley. This is a very widely used 3-item job satisfaction scale.
  • Stanton, J. M., Sinar, E. F., Balzer, W. K., Julian, A. L., Thoresen, P., Aziz, S., et al. (2002). Development of a compact measure of job satisfaction: The abridged Job Descriptive Index. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 62, 173–191. This is a measure of satisfaction with the work itself, promotion opportunities, co-workers, supervisors, and compensation. The format for questions is a list of adjectives, the format for responses is Y, ?, N, with the question mark indicating that the respondent isn't certain about whether the item describes his or her job.
  • Ironson, G., Smith, P., Brannick, M., Gibson, M., & Paul, K. (1989). Construction of a Job in General Scale: A comparison of global, composite, and specific measures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 193-200. This is an 18 item scale based on a list of adjectives, with responses in a format similar to the JDI (Y, ?, N).
  • Agho, A.O., Price, J.L., & Mueller, C.W. (1992). Discriminant validity of measures of job satisfaction, positive affectivity, and negative affectivity. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 65, 185-196. This is a six-item version of the well-known Brayfield and Rothe scale.
  • Spector, P. E. (1985). Measurement of human service staff satisfaction: Development of the Job Satisfaction Survey. American Journal of Community Psychology, 13, 693-713. A 36 item, nine facet scale. The nine facets are Pay, Promotion, Supervision, Fringe Benefits, Contingent Rewards (performance based rewards), Operating Procedures (required rules and procedures), Coworkers, Nature of Work, and Communication.
  • Brayfield, A. H., & Rothe, H. F. (1951). An index of job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 35, 307–311. 18 (not 5, as habitually mis-cited!) items to measure job satisfaction.
    • Used in Ozer, Muammer. (2008). Personal and task-related moderators of leader-member exchange among software developers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93:5, 1174-1182. Cronbach's alpha=.88.
    • As mentioned previously, the Brayfield and Rothe (1951) scale is habitually mis-cited as having 5 items (in reality, it has 18 items). More accurately, an explicitly shortened, 5 item version of the Brayfield and Rothe (1951) scale (including a list of the specific 5 items used) is included in the following papers:
      • Bono, J. E., & Judge, T. A. (2002). Self-concordance at work: Toward understanding the motivational effects of transformational leaders. Academy of Management Journal, 46:5, 554-571.
      • Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., & Locke, E. A. (2000). Personality and job satisfaction: The mediating role of job characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85:2, 237-249.

Organizational Citizenship Behavior

  • Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. (1991). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviors. Journal of Management, 17, 601–617. 10 items to measure two types of OCB: Beneficial to organizational and beneficial to supervisor.
    • Used in Choi, Jaepil. 2008. Event justice perceptions and employees' reactions: Perceptions of social entity justice as a moderator. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3):513-528. Cronbach's alphas= organization (.84), supervisor (.91).

Occupational Self-efficacy

  • Schyns, B. & Collani, G. v. (2002). A new occupational self-efficacy scale and its relation to personality constructs and organisational variables. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 11, 219-241.
  • Rigotti, T., Schyns, B. & Mohr, G. (2008). A short version of the Occupational self-efficacy scale. Structural and construct validity across five countries. Journal of Career Assessment, 16, 238-255.

Long version and short version of an occupational self-efficacy scale, aimed at employees in different jobs (as opposed to job-specific instruments or task-specific instruments).

  • Renn, R. W., & Fedor, D. B. (2001). Development and field test of a feedback seeking, self-efficacy, and goal setting model of work performance. Journal of Management, 27, 563–583.
    • Used in Newnam, Sharon; Griffin, Mark A.; Mason, Claire. 2008. Safety in work vehicles: A multilevel study linking safety values and individual predictors to work-related driving crashes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3):632-644.

Pay Satisfaction

  • Heneman, H. G., & Schwab, D. P. (1985). Pay satisfaction: Its multidimensional nature and measurement. International Journal of Psychology, 20, 129–141. 4 items to determine satisfaction with pay
    • Used in Harris, Michael M.; Anseel, Frederik; Lievens, Filip. 2008. Keeping up with the Joneses: A field study of the relationships among upward, lateral, and downward comparisons and pay level satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3):665-673. Cronbach's alpha=.94.

Psychological Contract

  • Hui, C., Lee, C. & Rousseau, D.M. (2004). Psychological contract and organizational citizenship behaviors in China: Exploring generalizability and instrumentality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 311-321.
  • Lee, C., Tinsley, C.H., & Chen, Z.X. (2000). Psychological and normative contracts of work group members in the U.S. and Hong Kong. In D.M. Rousseau and M.J.D. Schalk (Eds.), Psychological Contracts in Employment: Cross-Cultural Perspective, 87-103. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • Robinson, S. L., & Morrison, E. W. (2000). The development of psychological contract breach and violation: A longitudinal study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 525–546. 5 items to determine the extent to which employee's psychological contract has been fulfilled.
    • Used in Bordia, Prashant; Restubog, Simon Lloyd D.; Tang, Robert L. 2008. When employees strike back: Investigating mediating mechanisms between psychological contract breach and workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(5):1104-1117. Cronbach's alpha=.74

Psychological Contract Breach

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