Affect

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Positive/Negative Affect

  • Watson, D., Clark. L. A., & Tellegen,A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070. 20 items to measure both positive and negative affect.
    • Used in Erez, Amir; Misangyi, Vilmos F.; Johnson, Diane E.; LePine, Marcie A.; Halverson, Kent C. 2008. Stirring the hearts of followers: Charismatic leadership as the transferal of affect. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3):602-616. Cronbach's alphas= positive (.85), negative (.75). Measured affect both pre and post task and found no correlation between either pre (.02) or post (-.02) task positive and negative affect
    • An abbreviated version of the PANAS, created specifically for experience-sampling studies (i.e., ecological momentary assessments), is used in Study 2 of: Dalal, R. S., Lam, H., Weiss, H. M., Welch, E., & Hulin, C. L. (2009). A within-person approach to work behavior and performance: Concurrent and lagged citizenship-counterproductivity associations, and dynamic relationships with affect and overall job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 1051-1066. Participants were asked to rate on a 5-point scale how intensely they experienced a given adjective in the time since the last survey, from 1 = “not at all or very slightly” to 5 = “very intensely.” PA items (adjectives) are “delighted,” “excited,” “concentrating” and “alert” (mean Cronbach's alpha across surveys = .79). NA items (adjectives) are “distressed,” “angry,” “discouraged” and “contempt” (mean Cronbach's alpha across surveys = .83).
  • Scollon, C., Diener, E., Oishi, S., Biswas-Diener, R. (2005). An experience sampling and cross-cultural investigation of the relation between pleasant and unpleasant affect, Cognition & Emotion, 19, 27-52. A brief, 8 item scale with good repeated measures properties; uses common language terms and has been cross-culturally validated. Builds on several previous scales from Diener's research program.
  • Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. Chicago, IL: Aldine. 19 items to measure of happiness levels over a more recent time-span (4-5 weeks). Rates both positive and negative affect.
    • Used in Erez, Amir; Misangyi, Vilmos F.; Johnson, Diane E.; LePine, Marcie A.; Halverson, Kent C. 2008. Stirring the hearts of followers: Charismatic leadership as the transferal of affect. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3):602-616. Cronbach's alphas= positive (.91), negative (.81).

Negative Affect'

  • Van Katwyk, P. T., Fox, S., Spector, P. E., & Kelloway, E. K. (2000). Using the Job-Related Affective Well-Being Scale (JAWS) to investigate affective responses to work stressors. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 219–230. 5 item scale to gauge teams' negative affective tone.
    • Used in Cole, Michael S.; Walter, Frank; Bruch, Heike. 2008. Affective Mechanisms Linking Dysfunctional Behavior to Performance in Work Teams: A Moderated Mediation Study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(5):945-958. Cronbach's alpha=.87

Affect

  • Gross, J. J., Sutton, S. K., & Ketelaar, T. (1998). Relations between affect and personality: Support for the affect-level and affective-reactivity views. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 279–288. Measure to determine extent to which individual is feeling 19 different emotions.
    • Used in Gino, Francesca; Schweitzer, Maurice E. (2008). Blinded by anger or feeling the love: How emotions influence advice taking. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93:5, 1165-1173.

Optimism

  • Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219–247. This is the original life orientation test.
    • Some research has found poor discriminant validity of this scale relative to measures of neuroticism, leading to revisions: see Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063-1078.
    • Has also been used to measure state optimism. See Kluemper, D., Little, L., & DeGroot, T. (2009). State or Trait: Effects of State Optimism on Job-related Outcomes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 209-231.

Positive Expressivity

Negative Expressivity - Nonverbal

  • Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (1997). Revealing feelings: Facets of emotional expressivity in self-reports, peer ratings, and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 435–448. Uses supervisor ratings of 3 items to determine negative expressivity. Original measure designed for individuals.
    • Adapted for teams in Cole, Michael S.; Walter, Frank; Bruch, Heike. 2008. Affective Mechanisms Linking Dysfunctional Behavior to Performance in Work Teams: A Moderated Mediation Study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(5):945-958. Cronbach's alpha=.6

Anxiety

  • Spielberger, C. D. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. 20 items for state anxiety 20 items for trait anxiety

Interview Anxiety

  • McCarthy, J. M, & Goffin, R. D. (2004). Measuring Interview Anxiety: Beyond Weak Knees and Sweaty Palms. Personnel Psychology, 57, 607-637. Measures 5 dimensions: 6 items for appearance anxiety; 6 items for communication anxiety; 6 items for social anxiety; 6 items for performance anxiety; 6 items for behavioral anxiety

Life Satisfaction

  • Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., & Larsen, R. J. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75. 5 items

Empathy

  • Goldberg, L.R. (1999). A broad-bandwidth, public-domain, personality inventory measuring the lower-level facets of several five-factor models. In I. Mervielde, I. Deary, F. DeFruyt, & F. Ostendorf (Eds.), Personality Psychology in Europe, 7, Tilburg, The Netherlands: Tilburg University Press, pp. 7-28. 9 items
  • Mehrabian, A., & Epstein, N. (1972). A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 40(4), 525-543. 33 items

Psychological Attachment

  • Caldwell, D.F., Chatman, J.A., & O’Reilly, C.A., III. (1990). Building organizational commitment: A multi-firm study. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 63, 245-261. 12 items

Emotional Labor

  • Brotheridge, C. M., & Lee, R. T. (2003). Development and validation of the emotional labour scale. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76, 365-379. Supplemental reference: Brotheridge, C. M. & Lee, R. T. (2002). Testing a conservation of resources model of the dynamics of emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7, 57-67. 15 items
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